Normally distributed data are presented as mean and standard deviation(SD) and non-normal data are presented as median and inter-quartile range (IQR). Correlation was assessed by either Pearson or Spearman tests, grouped comparisons were assessed using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests and dichotomous variables assessed by Fisher Exact tests. Subjects also were analyzed according to 4 ranges of representing increasing illness severity (≥ 0.80, 0.6-0.79, 0.50-0.59, and < 0.50). We evaluated the correspondence between and the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (V D/V T) measured in 561 subjects with ARDS from a previous study in whom data were also available. Therefore, we evaluated whether might be relevant in assessing ARDS not associated with COVID-19. A significant association of DS with both death (HR 1.204 CI 1.019–1.423 p = 0.029) and discharge (HR 0.434 CI 0.414–0.456 p \(< 0.001\)) was noticed even when correcting for confounding factors (age, sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, PaO \(_\) ratio), is easy to collect and focuses on physiological quantities directly measured from the patient.The ratio of end-tidal CO 2 pressure to arterial partial pressure of CO 2 () was recently suggested for monitoring pulmonary gas exchange in patients with ARDS associated with COVID-19, yet no evidence was offered supporting that claim. The final population consisted of 401 patients from seven ICUs. A competing risk Cox proportional hazard model was applied to test for the association of DS with two competing outcomes (death or discharge from the ICU) while adjusting for confounders. Retrospective cohort study on data derived from Italian ICUs during the first year of the COVID-19 epidemic. Here, we explore the association between a surrogate measure of dead space (DS) and early outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) because of COVID-19-associated ARDS. Physiologic dead space is a well-established independent predictor of death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
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